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CBSE, Grade 12

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  61 chapters

Chapter1


Relations and Functions

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Class 12 Maths is now available on MSVgo. It covers extensive topics under the chapter “Relations and Functions”, enabling students to gain a deeper understanding of certain fundamental topics. Detailed, step-by-step solutions are provided for the exercise questions, which will come in handy if the student is stuck at any time while solving a problem. Solving questions from the Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions ensures that the students’ learning is aligned with the curriculum, therefore preparing them well for the exams. Going through the Class 12 Maths Chapter 1 Solutions not only aids in the thorough understanding of the chapter, but also boosts the students’ confidence in their knowledge of the subject matter. Topics Covered in Relations and Functions for CBSE Class 12: 1. Types of Relations 2. Types of Functions 3. Composition of Functions and Invertible Function 4. Binary Operations
IntroductionTypes of RelationsTypes of FunctionsComposition of Functions and Invertible FunctionBinary OperationsSolved Examples for CBSE Math Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Class 12Key Points of NCERT Solutions for Maths Chapter 1 Relations and Functions Class 12Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Maths Chapter 1
Chapter2


Inverse Trigonometric Functions

NCERT Solutions has introduced Inverse Trigonometric Functions Class 12 for helping students become perfect in calculus before appearing for the final class 12 exams. Listed here are topics prepared by various math experts to help keep students updated with the current curriculum of the CBSE Board. Among these topics is Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ncert Solutions. Keeping the requirements of the CBSE board in mind, Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Class 12 covers the several formats of calculus to find integrals. Now, other than the direct application in mathematics, inverse trigonometric functions find application in fields like science and engineering. Inverse Trigonometric Functions Ncert Solutions will introduce students to various aspects, restrictions and radians of the inverse angle typically associated with certain main operations. Found anywhere between the standard scientific or graphing calculator, Inverse Trigonometric Functions represent the inverses of their main functions and help observe their behaviour via several graphical representations. Topics covered in this Chapter: Chapter 2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions Class 12 covers these topics: 1. Inverse Trigonometric Functions Introduction 2. Basic Concepts 3. Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions IntroductionBasic ConceptsProperties of Inverse Trigonometric FunctionsSolved Examples for NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths ChapterNCERT Notes for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2Key Points of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 2Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Math Chapter 2
Chapter3


Matrices

Matrices Class 12 NCERT Solutions introduce the concept of matrices and the basic laws of matrix algebra, which has innumerable applications in several fields of study. Topics covered in Matrices Class 12 NCERT Solutions: 1. Introduction 2. Matrix 3. Types of matrices 4. Operations on matrices 5. Transpose of a matrix 6. Symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices 7. Elementary operation (transformation) of a matrix 8. Invertible matrices
IntroductionMatrixTypes of MatricesOperations on Matrices Class 12 NCERT SolutionsTranspose of a MatrixSymmetric and Skew-Symmetric MatricesElementary Operation (Transformation) of a MatrixInvertible MatricesNCERT Notes For Matrices Class 12 NCERT SolutionsFrequently Asked Questions on Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions Chapter 3 Matrices
Chapter11


Three Dimensional Geometry

Class 12 of 3d Geometry discusses the concept of three-dimensional geometry while also providing an overview and review of two-dimensional analytical geometry. This chapter uses Cartesian techniques to describe three-dimensional geometry. The basic principles of vectors and how to utilise vector algebra to solve issues related to three-dimensional geometry are also covered in this chapter. Topics covered in this Chapter: 1. Introduction 2. Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a Line 3. Equation of a Line Space 4. Angle Between Two Lines 5. Shortest Distance Between Two Lines 6. Plane 7. Coplanarity of Two Lines 8. Angle between two Planes 9. Distance of a Point from a Plane 10. Angle Between a Line and a Plane
IntroductionRectangular Coordinate SystemDirection Cosines and Direction Ratios of a LineEquation of a Line SpaceAngle Between Two LinesShortest Distance Between Two LinesPlaneCoplanarity of Two LinesAngle Between Two PlanesDistance of a Point from a PlaneAngle Between a Line and a PlaneKey Points of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Maths Chapter 7
Chapter12


Linear Programming

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 12 - Linear Programming can now be downloaded from the MSVgo website. The solutions are carefully curated by experts in the industry and therefore make for reliable study material. Students can rest assured that all the important topics under the Class 12 Linear Programming chapter are covered in detail, with step-by-step answers for exercise questions that will come in handy if the student has any difficulty while solving a problem. Furthermore, solving questions from the Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions ensures that the students’ learning is aligned with the curriculum, thus preparing them for the exams. Download the solutions to familiarise yourself and be confident in the chapter. Topics Covered in Chapter 12 Linear Programming 1. Introduction 2. Linear Programming Problem and its Mathematical Formulation 3. Different Types of Linear Programming Problems
IntroductionLinear Programming Problem and its Mathematical FormulationDifferent Types of Linear Programming ProblemsKey Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 12 Linear ProgrammingFrequently Asked QuestionsApplications of Linear GraphsLinear Equations ApplicationDifference between Linear and Non- Linear EquationsFAQs
Chapter13


Probability

Probability, the 13th chapter of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths, introduces the concept of probability and the statistical approach of probability. This has innumerable applications in several fields of study. The topics covered are as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Formula for probability 3. Probability tree 4. Types of probability 5. Theoretical probability 6. Experimental probability 7. Axiomatic probability 8. Probability of an event 9. Equally likely events 10. Complementary events 11. Probability density function
IntroductionFormula for ProbabilityProbability TreeTypes of ProbabilityEqually Likely EventsComplementary EventsProbability Density FunctionNCERT Notes for Class 12 Maths Chapter 13Frequently Asked Questions on Probability Ncert Solutions Class 12:
Chapter1


Electric Charges and Fields

To assist you with NCERT solutions for class 12 physics chapter 1, MSVgo is here with Class 12 Physics Chapter 1 Notes. These notes have been created by many subject specialists and will benefit students in understanding the main subjects as well as memorising the key points in preparation for the exam. Topics included in this chapter: 1. Introduction 2. Electric Charge 3. Conductors And Insulators 4. Charging By Induction 5. Basic Properties Of Electric Charge a. Additivity of Charges b. Charge is Conserved c. Quantisation of Charge 6. Coulomb’s Law 7. Forces Between Multiple Charges 8. Electric Field a. Electric field due to a system of charges b. The physical significance of the electric field 9. Electric Field Lines 10. Electric Flux 11. Electric Dipole a. The field of an electric dipole b. The physical significance of dipoles c. Dipole in a Uniform External Field 12. Continuous Charge Distribution 13. Gauss’s Law 14. Applications Of Gauss’s Law 15. Field due to an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire a. Field due to a uniformly charged infinite plane sheet b. Field due to a uniformly charged thin spherical shell

IntroductionElectric ChargeConductors and InsulatorsCharging by InductionBasic Properties of an Electric ChargeCoulomb’s LawForces Between Multiple ChargesElectric FieldElectric Field LinesElectric FluxElectric DipoleContinuous Charge DistributionGauss’s LawApplications of Gauss LawField due to an Infinitely Long Straight Uniformly Charged WireSolved Examples for CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 1Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 1
Chapter2


Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

Electrostatic potential class 12 answers for Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance can be studied using important questions and a concise, yet thorough, topic-by-topic explanation. Students will gain a deep understanding of the important points in theoretical knowledge and practise the problems and mathematical calculations in this chapter while preparing for the examinations, using the NCERT Solution for Class 12 Physics Chapter 2. To obtain more marks in Physics, students can learn the electrostatic potential and capacitance class 12 formulas. Topics included in this Chapter: 1. Introduction 2. Electrostatic Potential 3. Potential Due to a Point Charge 4. Potential Due to an Electric Dipole 5. Potential Due to a System Of Charges 6. Equipotential Surfaces 7. Relation Between Field And Potential 8. Potential Energy of a System Of Charges 9. Potential Energy in an External Field 10. Potential Energy of a Single Charge 11. Potential Energy of a System Of Two Charges In An External Field 12. Potential Energy of a Dipole In An External Field 13. Electrostatics of Conductors 14. Dielectrics and Polarization 15. Capacitors and Capacitance 16. The Parallel Plate Capacitor 17. Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance 18. Combination of Capacitors 19. Capacitors in Series 20. Capacitors in Parallel 21. Energy Stored in a Capacitor 22. Van De Graaff Generator
IntroductionElectrostatic PotentialPotential Due to a Point ChargePotential Due to an Electric DipolePotential Due to a System of ChargesEquipotential SurfacesRelation Between Field and PotentialPotential Energy of a System of ChargesPotential Energy in an External FieldPotential Energy of a Single ChargePotential Energy of a System of Two Charges in an External FieldPotential Energy of a Dipole in an External FieldElectrostatics of ConductorsDielectrics and PolarizationCapacitors and CapacitanceThe Parallel Plate CapacitorEffect of Dielectric on CapacitanceCombination of CapacitorsEnergy Stored in a CapacitorVan De Graaff GeneratorSolved Examples for CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 2Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 2
Chapter3


Current Electricity

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 3 covers topics under "Current Electricity", including some of the basic laws related to steady electric currents, such as Ohm’s Law, Kirchoff’s Law, EMF and more. Some important questions and problems related to current electricity for class 12 are also covered in the chapter. Students are encouraged to go through the NCERT Solutions for a thorough understanding of the chapter. All the important questions for Class 12 Current Electricity chapter are prepared by subject matter experts and provide step-wise solutions for each, ensuring that students are well prepared for the exam. Topics Covered in Chapter 3: 1. Introduction 2. Electric Current 3. Electric Currents In Conductors 4. Ohm’s Law 5. Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity 6. Mobility 7. Limitations of Ohm’s Law 8. Resistivity of Various Materials 9. Temperature Dependence of Resistivity 10. Electrical Energy, Power 11. Combination of Resistors – Series and Parallel 12. Cells, Emf, Internal Resistance 13. Cells in Series and in Parallel 14. Kirchhoff’s Rules 15. Wheatstone Bridge 16. Meter Bridge 17. Potentiometer
IntroductionElectric CurrentElectric Currents in ConductorsOhm’s LawDrift of Electrons and the Origin of ResistivityMobilityLimitations Of Ohm’s LawResistivity Of Various MaterialsTemperature Dependence of ResistivityElectrical Energy, PowerCombination of Resistors – Series and ParallelCells, EMF, Internal ResistanceCells in Series and in ParallelKirchhoff’s RulesWheatstone BridgeMeter BridgePotentiometerFrequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 3
Chapter4


Moving Charges and Magnetism

Moving charges indicate electricity and this is the current topic of interest. The relationship between electricity and magnetism was noted with the alignment of a needle with respect to circuits carrying electricity. It was discovered that its alignment is tangent to an imagined circle with a straight wire in the centre and a plane perpendicular to the wire. When current is passed, however, the needle's orientation shifts. The formation of a magnetic field is thought to be caused by the movement of charges. Topics included in this chapter 1. Introduction 2. Magnetic Force 3. Sources And Fields 4. Magnetic Field, Lorentz Force 5. Magnetic Force On A current-carrying Conductor 6. Motion In A Magnetic Field 7. Motion In Combined Electric And Magnetic Fields 8. Velocity Selector 9. Cyclotron 10. Magnetic Field Due To A Current Element, Biot-savart Law 11. Magnetic Field On The Axis Of A Circular Current Loop 12. Ampere’s Circuital Law 13. The Solenoid And The Toroid 14. The Solenoid 15. The Toroid 16. Force Between Two Parallel Currents, The Ampere 17. Torque On Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole 18. Torque On A Rectangular Current Loop In A Uniform Magnetic Field 19. Circular Current Loop As A Magnetic Dipole 20. The Magnetic Dipole Moment Of A Revolving Electron 21. The Moving Coil Galvanometer

IntroductionMagnetic ForceSources and FieldsMotion in a Magnetic FieldMotion in Combined Electric and Magnetic FieldsMagnetic Field Due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart LawMagnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current LoopAmpere’s Circuital LawThe Solenoid and the ToroidForce Between Two Parallel Currents, The AmpereTorque on Current Loop, Magnetic DipoleThe Moving Coil GalvanometerSolved Examples for NCERT Solutions of Moving Charges and MagnetismFrequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 4
Chapter5


Magnetism and Matter

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 5 is now up on the MSVgo website. The solutions, prepared by experts in the industry, cover all the important concepts under the chapter Magnetism and Matter, including important definitions, laws, solved examples, and more. The class 12 physics chapter 5 notes are curated as per the latest syllabus and CBSE guidelines, and are therefore a reliable source to study from. The detailed solutions provide simple explanations, ensuring that students have a deep understanding of the chapter. Download the Class 12 Physics Chapter 5 NCERT Solutions from the MSVgo website to thoroughly prepare for the board exams. Topics included in this chapter: 1. Introduction 2. The Bar Magnet 3. Magnetism and Gauss’s Law 4. The Earth’s Magnetism 5. Magnetization and Magnetic Intensity 6. Magnetic Properties of Materials
IntroductionThe Bar MagnetGauss's Law of MagnetismEarth’s MagnetismMagnetisation and Magnetic IntensityMagnetic Properties of MaterialsFrequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 5
Chapter6


Electromagnetic Induction

The following Topics and Sub-Topics are covered in this chapter and are available on MSVgo:
IntroductionElectromagnetic InductionMagnetic FluxFaraday’s Law of Electromagnetic InductionLenz’s LawEddy CurrentsInductance
Chapter7


Alternating Current

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 7 is now available for download on the MSVgo website. The solutions cover topics under Alternating Current, including some important questions and problems related to the chapter. Nowadays, most of the electrical devices require AC voltage. Since AC voltage and circuits are widely used, 'Alternating Currents is an important topic to learn about. Students are strongly recommended to go through the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Physics Alternating Currents chapter to prepare well for the exams, as all the important questions for the chapter are prepared as per the CBSE board standards, with step-wise solutions for each, ensuring students are studying only what is required for the exams. The solutions also provide easy-to-understand definitions, illustrations, diagrams, graphs and explanations, which are convenient for students to study from. Topics covered in this chapter: 1. Introduction 2. AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor 3. Representation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors — Phasors 4. AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor 5. AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor 6. AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit 7. LC Oscillations 8. Transformers
IntroductionAC Voltage Applied to a ResistorRepresentation of AC Current and Voltage by Rotating Vectors — PhasorsAC Voltage Applied to an InductorAC Voltage Applied to a CapacitorAC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR CircuitLC OscillationsTransformersFrequently Asked Questions
Chapter8


Electromagnetic Waves

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 8 is now available for download on the MSVgo website. The solutions cover topics under Electromagnetic Waves, including important questions and problems related to the chapter. Students are strongly encouraged to make use of the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Physics to prepare thoroughly for the exams as the solutions provide in-depth explanations, formulas, easy-to-follow illustrations, and detailed answers to numerical problems and exercises. The solutions are curated as per the latest CBSE board syllabus by experts, due to which studying from the solutions ensures that the students’ preparation is aligned with the curriculum. Topics covered in this Chapter 1. Introduction 2. Displacement Current 3. Electromagnetic Waves a. Sources of electromagnetic waves b. Nature of electromagnetic waves 4. Electromagnetic Spectrum a. Radio waves b. Microwaves c. Infrared waves d. Visible rays e. Ultraviolet rays f. X-rays g. Gamma rays
IntroductionDisplacement CurrentElectromagnetic WavesElectromagnetic SpectrumFrequently Asked Questions
Chapter9


Ray optics and optical instruments

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 9 is now available for download on the MSVgo website. The solutions cover topics under the "Ray Optics and Optical Instruments" chapter, including important questions and problems. Ray Optics is defined as the study of the behavior of light and its characteristics. The topics included in this chapter are reflection, refraction of light, the laws of reflection and refraction, how light is reflected or refracted on different types of surfaces, and various optical instruments. Students will find the NCERT Solutions Class 12 Ray Optics and Optical Instruments chapter extremely useful while studying for the exams as the solutions provide step-by-step answers to problems, formulas, derivations, and detailed answers to problems as well as exercises. The solutions have been curated by experts in accordance with the latest CBSE board syllabus. Download the solutions from the MSVgo website to start learning. Topics covered in this Chapter 1. Introduction 2. Reflection of Light By Spherical Mirrors a. Sign convention b. Focal Length of Spherical Mirrors c. The Mirror Equation 3. Refraction 4. Total Internal Reflection a. Total Internal Reflection in Nature and its Technological Applications 5. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces and by Lenses a. Refraction at a Spherical Surface b. Refraction By a Lens c. Power of a Lens d. Combination of Thin Lenses in Contact 6. Refraction Through a Prism 7. Dispersion By a Prism 8. Some Natural Phenomena Due to Sunlight a. The Rainbow b. Scattering o Light 9. Optical Instruments a. The Eye b. The Microscope c. Telescope
IntroductionReflection of light by spherical mirrorsRefractionTotal Internal ReflectionRefraction at Spherical Surfaces and By LensesRefraction Through a PrismDispersion By a PrismSome Natural Phenomena Due to SunlightOptical InstrumentsFrequently Asked Questions
Chapter10


Wave Optics

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 is now available for download on the MSVgo website. It extensively covers the topics under the chapter Wave Optics, enabling students to thoroughly understand the lesson. The solutions provide detailed, step-wise solutions for the exercise questions, which will be useful if the student faces difficulty while solving a problem. Solving questions from the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Wave Optics chapter ensures the students’ learning is in line with the CBSE syllabus, therefore preparing them well for the exams. Going through the Class 12 Physics Chapter 10 of the NCERT Solutions not only gives an in-depth understanding of the lesson, but also boosts the students’ confidence in their knowledge of the subject matter. Topics covered in Chapter 10 Wave Optics NCERT Solutions 1. Introduction 2. Huygens Principle 3. Refraction and Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens Principle a. Refraction of a Plane Wave b. Refraction at a Rarer Medium c. Reflection of a Plane Wave by a Plane Surface d. The Doppler Effect 4. Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves 5. Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment 6. Diffraction a. The Single Slit b. Seeing the Single Slit Diffraction Pattern c. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments d. The Validity of Ray Optics 7. Polarisation a. Polarisation by Scattering b. Polarisation by Reflection
IntroductionHuygens PrincipleRefraction and Reflection of Plane Waves Using Huygens PrincipleCoherent and Incoherent Addition of WavesInterference of Light Waves and Young’s ExperimentDiffractionPolarizationFrequently Asked Questions
Chapter11


Dual nature of Radiation and Matter

This dual nature of radiation and matter NCERT solutions is available in PDF format to assist CBSE students in achieving high scores in the board exams. Electricity conduction via gases, electric emission, Hertz's observation along with the observation of Hallwach and Lenard, and the practical photoelectric effect are all covered in detail. Furthermore, ideas such as the effect of light intensity on photocurrent, Einstein's photoelectric equation, photon particle nature of light, and wave nature of light have been briefly discussed. Topics covered in this Chapter: (content table) 1. Introduction 2. Electron Emission 3. Photoelectric Effect A. Hertz’s observations B. Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations 4. Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect A. Effect of intensity of light on photocurrent B. Effect of potential on photoelectric current C. Effect of frequency of incident radiation on stopping potential 5. Photoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light Ex 6. Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of Radiation 7. Particle Nature of Light: The Photon 8. Wave Nature of Matter
IntroductionElectron EmissionPhotoelectric EffectExperimental Study Of Photoelectric EffectPhotoelectric Effect and Wave Theory of Light ExEinstein’s Photoelectric Equation: Energy Quantum of RadiationParticle Nature of Light: The PhotonWave Nature of MatterSolved Examples for CBSE Class 12 Physics Chapter 11FAQs
Chapter12


Atoms

Atoms class 12 NCERT solutions introduces the concept of atoms and makes advanced concepts easier to learn and understand. This helps students approach NEET and JEE with confidence. Topics covered: 1. Introduction 2. Alpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom 3. Alpha-Particle Trajectory 4. Electron Orbits 5. Atomic Spectra 6. Spectral Series 7. Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 8. Energy Levels 9. The Line Spectra of the Hydrogen Atom 10. De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of Quantisation
IntroductionAlpha-Particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of AtomAlpha-Particle TrajectoryElectron OrbitsAtomic SpectraSpectral SeriesBohr's Model of The Hydrogen AtomEnergy LevelsThe Line Spectra of the Hydrogen AtomDe Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Second Postulate of QuantisationSolved ExamplesFAQs
Chapter13


Nuclei

The class 12 physics nuclei NCERT solutions are offered here to assist students in their preparations for the CBSE Class 12 second term exams. Curated by subject specialists, NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics is in accordance with the most recent term – II CBSE Syllabus for 2021-22 and its recommendations. Students can use these methods to make the most of their preparations. Topics covered in this Chapter: 1. Introduction 2. Atomic Masses and Composition of Nucleus 3. Size of the Nucleus 4. Mass–Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy a. Mass–energy b. Nuclear binding energy 5. Nuclear Force 6. Radioactivity a. Law of radioactive decay b. Alpha decay c. Beta-decay d. Gamma decay 7. Nuclear Energy a. Fission b. Nuclear reactor c. Nuclear fusion – energy generation in stars d. Controlled thermonuclear fusion
IntroductionAtomic Masses and Composition of NucleusSize of the NucleusMass-energy and Nuclear Binding EnergyNuclear ForceRadioactivityNuclear EnergySolved Examples for Class 12 Nuclei NCERT SolutionsFAQs
Chapter14


Semiconductor Electronics Materials Devices and Simple Circuits

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 14 Physics is now available for download on the MSVgo website. The solutions cover topics closely related to Semiconductors, including important questions, definitions, theroems, illustrations and more. The solutions are created by experts in the industry and are aligned with the CBSE board syllabus. Students are highly encouraged to use the solutions to study Physics Chapter 14 thoroughly as they are a one-stop solution for exam preparation. Download the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chapter 14 Physics from the MSVgo website and go through all the worked examples to boost confidence in the chapter. Topics covered in this Chapter 1. Introduction 2. Classification of Metals, Conductors, and Semiconductors 3. Intrinsic Semiconductor 4. Extrinsic Semiconductor 5. P-N Junction a. P-N Junction Formation 6. Semiconductor Diode a. P-N Junction Diode Under Forward Bias b. P-N Junction Diode Under Reverse Bias 7. Application of Junction Diode as a Rectifier 8. Special Purpose P-N Junction Diodes a. Zener Diode b. Optoelectronic Junction Devices 9. Junction Transistor a. Transistor: Structure and Action b. Basic Transistor Circuit Configurations and Transistor Characteristics c. Transistor as a Device d. Transistor as an Amplifier (CE-Configuration) e. Feedback Amplifier and Transistor Oscillator 10. Digital Electronics and Logic Gates a. Logic Gates 11. Integrated Circuits
IntroductionClassification of Metals, Conductors and SemiconductorsIntrinsic SemiconductorExtrinsic SemiconductorP-N JunctionSemiconductor DiodeApplication of Junction Diode as a RectifierSpecial Purpose P-n Junction DiodesJunction TransistorDigital Electronics And Logic GatesIntegrated CircuitsFrequently Asked Questions
Chapter1


The Solid State

IntroductionPhysical and Chemical Properties of SolidsSolid State ChemistryTypes of Solid StatesConclusionFAQs
Chapter2


Solutions

The chapter solutions of chemistry subject from class 12 CBSE syllabus plays an essential role in understanding physical chemistry. The topics that we will be dealing with in this chapter are types of solutions, solution’s strength, and determining molecular weight with colligative properties. Here we will also be solving exercises given in the NCERT class 12th chapter 2.

Topics Covered in this Chapter (content table) 

S. No. Topic
1. Definition
2. Types of solutions
3. Solution’s strength
4. Determining molecular weight with colligative properties 100
5. Exercises and Answers of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Solution
6. FAQs

 

DefinitionTypes of SolutionsSolution's StrengthDetermining molecular weight with colligative propertiesExercises and Answers of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 ChemistryFAQs
Chapter3


Electrochemistry

 

IntroductionElectrochemical CellsNernst EquationElectrolysisTypes of commercial cellsFuel CellsCorrosionThe Conductance Of Electrolytic SolutionsConclusionFAQs
Chapter4


Chemical Kinetics

Chemical kinetics is a branch of chemistry that studies the rates of chemical processes at different temperatures, pressures, and concentrations. The term kinetics refers to the study of how molecular properties are experimentally or theoretically changed for understanding the processes involved. It includes studying the changes in molecular properties with alterations in conditions. NCERT solutions of chemical kinetics explain various reactions' physical, chemical, and mathematical principles. In this article, we have given some chemical kinetics class 12 NCERT solutions, which will help the students clear their basic chemistry concepts and solve the questions with ease.


Different reactions are encountered daily, such as combustion, fermentation, photosynthesis, and respiration. This chapter will explore primarily how heat energy can release when chemicals react spontaneously. Chapter 4, chemistry class 12, highlights the concept of Chemical Kinetics. Further, it outlines what happens, why it happens, and what affects the reaction rates so that you can understand, better acquire, and apply a basic understanding of chemicals being converted into other substances by the addition or removal of matter.

Chemical Reaction:Chemical Kinetics:Molecularity of reaction:Effect of catalyst:Effect of temperature:Collision theory of chemical reactions:What is the rate of formations and disappearances?Major factors affecting the rate of a chemical reaction:In Conclusion,
Chapter5


Surface Chemistry

IntroductionSurface chemistryImportant terms in NCERT surface chemistryNCERT surface chemistry textbook questions and solutionsNCERT exercises in class 12 chemistry chapter 5Conclusion
Chapter7


The p-Block Elements

The following Topics and Sub-Topics are covered in this chapter and are available on MSVgo:

IntroductionCharacteristics of P-Block Elements
Chapter8


The d-Block and f-Block elements

The middle layer of the periodic table includes d block elements. Inner d-orbits of Group 3 to 13 are filled gradually. The f block elements are found outside and at the bottom of the periodic table. The 5f and 4f orbitals are filled gradually in these elements. The filling of 3d, 4d, and 5d orbitals differentiates the three series of transition elements. They have a high boiling point as well as a high melting point. 

The electronic configuration, occurrence, and general features of transition elements will be discussed first in this article, with a focus on trends in the properties of the first row (3d) transition metals, as well as the synthesis and properties of several key compounds. Following that, the general properties of the inner transition metals' electrical configurations, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity will be considered. Given below are the metallic characteristics exhibited by transition elements:

  • Thermal conductivity

  • Electrical conductivity

  • Malleability

  • Metallic character

  • High tensile strength

  • Ductility

 

Subtopics covered in the d and f block elementsTopics of d and f Block ElementsThe d-block elementsThe f-block elementsThere are four series of transitions:General characteristics of transition elementsMischmetallProperties of d-Block ElementsProperties of f-Block ElementsNCERT Solutions for D And F Block Elements
Chapter9


Coordination Compounds

The importance of coordination compounds cannot be emphasised. It is necessary to keep in mind that without chlorophyll (Mg - complex) in plants and haemoglobin (Fe - complex) in human blood, life is inconceivable. The study of these compounds will help us better understand chemical bonding and the physical features of coordination molecules.

Compounds with Molecular or Addition StructuresTypes of Molecular Compounds Coordination compoundsSome key terms to remember while studying coordination compounds Nomenclature of coordination compoundsWerner's Theory
Chapter10


Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes and haloarenes can be generally classified as mono, di, or poly halogen (tri-, tetra-, etc.) compounds, depending on the number of halogen atoms (1, 2, or more) in their structures. The replacement of hydrogen atoms in an aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atoms results in the formation of alkyl halide or haloalkane and aryl halide or haloarene, respectively.

 

As the halogen atoms are more electronegative than carbon, the carbon-halogen bond of haloalkanes is polarised. In this, the halogen atom bears a partial negative charge, and the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge. Haloalkanes are formed by the free radical halogenation of alkanes, with the addition of halogen acids to alkenes, and replacement of –OH group of alcohols with halogens using thionyl chloride, phosphorus halides, or halogen acids. Haloarenes are formed by electrophilic substitution to arenes. Fluorides and iodides are mainly formed by using the halogen exchange method.

 

The boiling points of organohalogen compounds, organic compounds that contain chlorine, bromine, fluorine atoms, are comparatively higher than the corresponding hydrocarbons because of their powerful dipole-dipole and van-der-Waals forces of attraction. Haloalkanes and haloarenes are slightly soluble in water but completely soluble in organic solvents. Various halogen-containing organic compounds occur in nature. Some of them have wide applications in the medical or industrial industry and even in our everyday lives.

 

In the haloalkanes and haloarenes NCERT chapter, you will learn about the important preparation methods, properties, applications, and effects of these organohalogen compounds.

Haloalkanes and haloarenesWhat are haloalkanesWhat are haloarenesClassification of haloalkanes and haloarenesHaloalkanes and haloarenes applicationsImpact of haloalkanes and haloarenes on the climateExercises of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 “Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Chapter 10”NCERT solution for haloalkanes and haloarenesCTA
Chapter11


Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

The notes for the Class 12 Chemistry chapter “Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers” are crucial for the exam. This chapter covers the preparation, characteristics, and reactions of alcohols, phenols, and ethers. Students will learn about some of the most fundamental topics in organic chemistry, as well as their industrial applications.

 

Alcohol is generated when hydroxyl group atoms connect with saturated carbon atoms. When alcohol is dehydrated, the result is ether. This chapter covers how these compounds are related. Furthermore, there are three alcohol forms—monohydric, dihydric, and trihydric—classified by their hydroxyl groups. Based on their structural forms, alcohols are divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary. 

 

You will learn about alcohols, phenols, and ethers in this chapter from your CBSE Chemistry textbook.

IntroductionClassification of alcohols, phenols, and ethersNomenclatureStructurePreparationPhysical propertiesAcidity and basicity
Chapter12


Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

 

IntroductionAldehydesProperties of AldehydesPhysical PropertiesKetonesProperties of KetonesCarboxylic AcidsProperties of Carboxylic AcidConclusion
Chapter13


Amines

NCERT Solutions for Amines will help students comprehend the basics of amines a lot easier. The NCERT solutions will help them retain the complex structural formulas and chemical reactions of amines for a long period of time. Any doubts about the chapter can be quickly resolved by consulting these solutions.

 

To prepare efficiently for their examinations, students should routinely go through the NCERT Solutions developed by the subject specialists of MSVgo. Aside from offering textbook solutions, MSVgo also offers high-quality 15,000+ videos, 10,000+ question banks, quizzes, and more to better prepare our students. 

 

You can find worksheets, exercises, illustrative problems, and tasks to help you excel in the study of Amines.

 

What are amines? Importance of amines Classification of amines Physical properties of AminesSome Important Questions covering Chapter 13 - Amines for Class 12 Chemistry NCERT Solutions About MSVgo appConclusion
Chapter14


Biomolecules

 

IntroductionCarbohydratesNucleic AcidProteinsLipidsExercises for NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules ChapterAnswers of Exercises for NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules ChapterImportant questions for NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Biomolecules Chapter (MCQ)Conclusion
Chapter1


Reproduction in Organisms

IntroductionExercises of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 1: Reproduction in OrganismsAnswers to NCERT solution exercisesConclusion
Chapter7


Evolution

Evolution is a complex process of change over time. Natural selection is a key concept in evolutionary biology - it can be summarised as the selection process favouring traits that have led to greater numbers of organisms. Class 12 Biology Evolution proposes to teach about the most important subjects related to Evolution, such as population growth and variation, gene linkage, sexual reproduction and genetic drift. We will also explore the importance of natural selection when trying to understand Evolution. In Evolution NCERT Class 12, we will touch on kinetics and ecosystems. The goal is for students to leave with a complete understanding of how Evolution works and an appreciation for biological diversity. Evolution is a phenomenon occurring on Earth for billions of years. The animal kingdom has constantly been changing and adapting to new environments. As a result, Evolution is distinctly heterogeneous, depending on what species is evolving. For example, the Evolution of sharks might be different from the Evolution of chimpanzees because sharks are animals in which it's hard for any changes to occur, while chimpanzees are animals, and it is relatively easy for changes to occur. Class 12 Biology Evolution highlights different aspects of Evolution, and it includes learning about the process of natural selection, convergent Evolution, divergent Evolution, extinction, and much more. Evolution NCERT Class 12 talks about the process of natural selection and how it occurs.

EvolutionOrigin of lifeDarwin’s Theory of EvolutionModes of EvolutionDivergent EvolutionConvergent EvolutionEvolution through Natural SelectionChanges over timeAdaptive RadiationConclusionFAQs
Chapter10


Microbes in Human Welfare

Topics covered under this chapter 1. Introduction 2. What are Microbes? 3. Uses of Microbes in Household 4. Uses of Microbes in Industries 5. Uses of Microbes in the form of Bio controller 6. Uses of Microbes in Biofertilizers 7. Conclusion
Introduction to Microbes In Human Welfare Class 12What are microbes?Uses of microbes in householdUses of microbes in industriesUses of microbes in the form of biocontrollerUses of microbes as biofertilizersConclusionFAQs
Chapter12


Biotechnology and its Applications

Biotechnology is a branch of science that combines the study of biology and chemistry. It is a broad field that covers various topics, from organic molecular reactions to harvesting renewable resources from crops, microorganisms, or other sources. Biotechnology has been used in many applications such as diagnosis, designing drugs, manufacturing biosynthetic products, etc. Biotechnology And Its Application NCERT discusses some basic principles in biotechnology and its various applications in day-to-day life. 

Furthermore, with the help of Biotechnology And Its Applications Class 12 NCERT Solutions, we will understand the application of Biotechnology in various disciplines. Here we give you some instances of its use in different fields with their respective examples.

Biotechnology And Its Applications Class 12 NCERT Solutions gives us a clear idea of biotechnology by dividing it into five chapters. We will solve different problems using this section based on Biotechnology And Its Applications Solutions. The questions are simple and applicable in day-to-day life. Therefore, solving them will help students understand the concepts better and understand more complicated problems related to biotechnology.

Biotechnological application in agricultureBiotechnological application in the food industryBiotechnological application in medicineBiotechnological application in aquacultureWhat is gene therapy?What are transgenic animals?What is the concept of molecular diagnosis concerning biotechnology?Conclusion
Chapter200


Ecology and Environment

The following Topics and Sub-Topics are covered in this chapter and are available on MSVgo:
IntroductionIntroduction to EcologyImportant Concepts of EcologyImportant Concepts of EnvironmentAbiotic FactorsResponses to Abiotic FactorsBiological Interactions
Chapter6


Application of Derivatives

Students who are on a mission to prepare thoroughly for the upcoming class 12 board examinations must get familiar with all the essential concepts taught in NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths. Of all, there is one chapter, in particular, namely Chapter 6, which is covered in more detail and needs more practice. Chapter 6, which is titled Application of Derivatives Class 12 Ncert Solutions, provides a comprehensive, yet effective solution that is set to help you ace the exams nearly closing in on you. This chapter, however, requires significant practice. If you do so meticulously, you will successfully improve your problem-solving skills and strengthen your base. Curated carefully by several maths specialists, this topic of Application of Derivatives Ncert Solutions frames answer-based questions that help students understand concepts clearly and assist them in finding more than one solution to a problem. Every problem in Chapter 6 is supported by a theory. Understanding the theory would help you crack the problems sooner. Application of Derivatives Class 12 Every problem in Application of Derivatives Class 12 Ncert Solution is supported by a theory. Understanding the theory would help you crack the problems sooner. Topics Covered in this Chapter 1. Introduction 2. Rate of Change of Quantities 3. Increasing and Decreasing Functions 4. Tangents and Normals 5. Approximations 6. Maxima and Minima Let’s Get to Know What Each Chapter Covers.
IntroductionRate of Change of QuantitiesIncreasing and Decreasing FunctionsTangents and NormalsApproximationsMaxima and MinimaSolved Examples for NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Math Chapter 6NCERT Notes for Class 12 Math Chapter 6Key Points of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Math Chapter 6Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Math Chapter 6
Chapter8


Application of Integrals

Chapter 8 of NCERT, Application of Integrals, has been meticulously designed by several top maths specialists across the country. Every question set ensures easy-to-grasp and convenient solutions to help students ace their upcoming board examinations. The topics covered in Application of integrals class 12 ncert solutions are outlined, explained and made understandable so as to boost the problem-solving skills of students and help them get familiar with the concepts clearly. NCERT Solutions class 12 plays a pivotal role in achieving good scores and boosting skills to solve several home assignments. Forged by professionals, the topics discussed in the textbook emphasize on clear concepts and ideas to help students not only ace their board exams but also several competitive exams as well. Chapter 8, Application of Integrals, contains multiple exercises with miscellaneous questions that enhance the quality of the students’ answers. With an entire, step-by-step pedagogy, Application of Integrals forges easy solutions of each application, property, and relation between functions (or typically, variables). Topics Covered in this Chapter (Content table) The topics explained in the application of integrals class 12 ncert solutions are as follows, 1. Introduction 2. Area under simple curves 3. The area between two curves
Application of Integrals IntroductionArea Under Simple CurvesThe Area Between Two CurvesFAQs
Chapter5


Continuity and Differentiability

NCERT Solutions for Continuity and Differentiability Class 12 is intricately designed by several maths specialists, helping students ace their exams. Various important questions are comprehensively discussed in Continuity and Differentiability class 12 with detailed explanations to each one of them, prompting students to up their problem-solving methods. With an updated solution list, you can now study the concepts thoroughly through interactive learning. NCERT solutions for class 12 maths chapter 5 gives insight into numerous problems related to continuity, exponential functions, logarithmic functions, their differentiation, derivatives, properties and more. Continuity and differentiability class 12 not only spurs the students’ knowledge base, but also provokes their foundation to solve questions more efficiently. Continuity and differentiability class 12 notes are best provided by math experts, made essentially convenient and easy to grasp for every student. Topics covered in this chapter: 1. Introduction 2. Continuity 3. Differentiability 4. Exponential and logarithmic functions 5. Logarithmic differentiation 6. Derivatives of functions in parametric forms 7. Second order derivative 8. Mean value theorem
IntroductionContinuityNCERT Solutions for continuity and differentiability class 12DifferentiabilityExponential and Logarithmic Functions Logarithmic DifferentiationDerivatives of Functions in Parametric FormsSecond Order DerivativeMean Value TheoremNCERT Notes For Class 12 Maths Chapter 5Key Points of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 5Frequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Math Chapter 5
Chapter4


Determinants

Determinants, the 4th chapter in the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths, introduces the concept of matrices and the basic laws of matrix algebra. This has innumerable applications in several fields of study. Topics covered: 1. Introduction 2. Determinant 3. Properties of determinants 4. Area of a triangle 5. Minors and cofactors 6. Adjoint and inverse of a matrix 7. Applications of determinants and matrices
IntroductionValue to a determinantProperties of determinantsArea of a TriangleMinors and CofactorsAdjoint and Inverse of a MatrixApplications of Determinants and MatricesSolved Examples for Determinants Class 12 Ncert SolutionsNotes for Determinants Class 12 NCERT SolutionsFrequently Asked Questions on CBSE Class 12 Maths Chapter 4
Chapter7


Integrals

Integrals NCERT Solutions Class 12 introduces the concept of integrals as a reversal of differential and the mathematical approach to integrals. There is a preset bundle of functions for integrals of special equations which can be used to solve complex questions. The bundle has innumerable applications in several fields of study. Every subject uses integration in one or the other way as it is essential in converting larger and complex functions into manageable forms. The topics covered in this Chapter are as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Integration as a reverse process of differentiation 3. Methods of Integration 4. Integrals of Some Particular Functions 5. Integration by Partial Functions 6. Integration by Parts 7. Definite Integral 8. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus 9. Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution 10. Some Properties of Definite Integrals
IntroductionIntegration as a Reverse Process of DifferentiationMethods of IntegrationIntegrals of Some Particular FunctionsIntegration by Partial FunctionsIntegration by PartsDefinite IntegralFundamental Theorem of CalculusEvaluation of Definite Integrals by SubstitutionSome Properties of Definite IntegralKey Points of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Maths Chapter 7Frequently Asked Questions on integrals NCERT Solutions Class 12
Chapter9


Differential Equations

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 9 Differential Equations is intricately designed by several mathematics specialists. All important topics related to differential equations are thoroughly explained and simplified to familiarise the student with new concepts. The exercise questions come with comprehensive, step-by-step solutions that will help the student overcome any barrier while solving differential equation problems. Using the Class 12 Maths Chapter 9 Solutions to prepare for the exams not only aids in the thorough understanding of the chapter, but also boosts the students’ confidence in their knowledge of the subject matter. Topics Covered in Chapter 9 Differential Equations: 1. Introduction 2. Basic Concepts 3. General and Particular Solutions of a Differential Equation 4. Formation of a Differential Equation whose General Solution is Given 5. Methods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential Equations 6. FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
IntroductionBasic ConceptsGeneral and Particular Solutions of a Differential EquationFormation of a Differential Equation with a Given General SolutionMethods of Solving First Order, First Degree Differential EquationsFAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
Chapter10


Vector Algebra

MSVgo now has the complete NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 10 Vector Algebra on our website. All the important topics under the chapter ‘Vector Algebra', such as types of vectors, properties of vector addition, dot product and cross product of two vectors, etc. are extensively covered, ensuring that students are thoroughly prepared for the board exams. The exercise questions are prepared by subject-matter experts so that students can write the exams with confidence. Topics Included in Chapter 10 Vector Algebra 1. Introduction 2. The Basic Concepts 3. Different Types of Vectors 4. Addition of Vectors 5. Properties of Vector Addition 6. Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 7. Vector Components 8. Vector Joining Two Points 9. Section Formula 10. Product of Two Vectors 11. Scalar (or dot) Product of Two Vectors 12. Vector Projection on a Line 13. Vector (or Cross) Product of Two Vectors
IntroductionSome Basic ConceptsTypes of VectorsAddition of VectorsProperties of Vector AdditionMultiplication of a Vector by a ScalarComponents of a VectorVector Joining Two PointsSection FormulaProduct of Two VectorsScalar Or Dot Product of Two VectorsProjection of a Vector on a LineVector (or Cross) Product of Two VectorsFrequently Asked Questions
Chapter3


Human Reproduction

Humans reproduce sexually and are viviparous. The male reproductive system consists of two testes, male sex accessory ducts, accessory glands, and external genitalia. Each testis has around 250 sections known as testicular lobules. One to three strongly coiled seminiferous tubules are seen in each lobule. Every Spermatogonia and Sertoli cell line the interior of the seminiferous tubule. Learn about Human Reproduction class 12 NCERT with these study notes and exercise solutions. Spermatogonia undergo meiotic divisions, which result in the production of sperm. Sertoli cells, on the other hand, feed the dividing germ cells. Leydig's Testicular cells synthesise and produce testicular hormones outside the seminiferous tubules. Androgens are male hormones. The male external genitalia is referred to as the penis. The female reproductive system comprises two ovaries, two oviducts, a uterus, a vagina, external genitalia, and two mammary glands. The ovaries are responsible for producing the female gamete (ovum) and several steroid hormones (ovarian hormones). The stroma contains ovarian follicles at various phases of growth. Female accessory ducts include the oviducts, uterus, and vagina. The uterus comprises three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris are the female external genitalia. One of the female secondary sexual organs is the mammary glands. Given below are the exercises and class 12 Biology chapter 3 NCERT solutions.
Exercises for Human Reproduction Class 12 NcertHuman Reproduction Class 12 Ncert Solutions: Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Ncert SolutionsConclusion
Chapter2


Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

IntroductionExercisesSexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants NCERT SolutionsConclusion
Chapter4


Reproductive Health

Reproduction In Organisms Class 12 NCERT talks about reproductive health. Reproductive Health includes sexual and reproductive organs and the systems that support them (endocrine, urinary, immune). Reproduction In Organisms Class 12 NCERT will help you understand your body and its working under different circumstances. Furthermore, Reproduction In Organisms Class 12 NCERT Solutions will help students gain more insight into the subject. Reproductive Health is an essential chapter of Reproduction In Organisms Class 12 NCERT. Reproduction In Organisms Class 12 NCERT covers Introduction to Reproductive Systems for exams. It talks about the reproductive system of human beings and its function in detail. Here you will find Introduction to Reproductive Systems notes and NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 12 to understand the topic better.

Reproduction In Organisms Class 12 NCERT SolutionsReproductive Health and DevelopmentHealth Issues Affecting Reproductive HealthEducation Affecting Reproductive HealthThe Economic Factors Affecting Reproductive HealthWhat is Birth Control?How Does Birth Control Work?Birth Control and Population StabilisationConclusion
Chapter5


Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Class 12 biology chapter 5 is principles of inheritance and variation. It talks about the various concepts and learnings about the principles of inheritance and variation Ncert solutions. You can find the detailed explanations and solutions for the chapter in this article that will help you with the various aspects of the chapter to understand the anatomy concepts for the class.

The NCERT Solutions for Class 12 biology Chapter 5 helps students access several questions and detailed solutions to the questions, including matching the following, filling in the blanks, descriptive questions answers, and true or false. You can find all the answers in the article to help you ace your Class 12 exam. 

The NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 5 principles of inheritance and variation will help you learn about the inheritance process, which includes passing characters from parent to progeny. It will also teach you about the variation and its explanation for inheritance.

NCERT solutions class 12 biology chapter 5 (principles of inheritance and variation)NCERT Solutions for Class 12 biology Chapter 5Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 biology Chapter 5
Chapter6


Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Discussion on the Molecular Basis of Inheritance Class 12 NCERT Solutions:

  • The search for genetic material
  • The RNA World or Replication
  • Understanding the term: Transcription 
  • Genetic code
  • Human genome project
  • DNA fingerprinting

In this chapter for Class 12, we will learn about genes and genetics in detail. Our genes determine much of our biological constitution and determine our chances of developing certain diseases and disorders. It is important to learn about them so as to better understand the human body and by extension, ourselves. 

This chapter navigates many subtopics and questions relating to genes and how important they play in heredity and inheritance. The phenomenon of heredity is central to biology, and inheritance is how those genes are passed from generation to generation. We understand how genes influence our traits and characteristics by learning about them.

We’ll also take a closer look at the RNA world or Replication. Transcription and the genetic code are other topics that are also very important to understand and will be explored in this chapter.

Finally, this chapter will also talk about the Human Genome Project. This massive project was undertaken to identify, map, and sequence all of the genes that comprise the human body. We also examine DNA fingerprinting and its importance in forensics and how it aids criminal investigations.

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance NCERT: The search for Genetic Material:The RNA World or Replication Chapter 6Understanding the Term TranscriptionGenetic Code Defines Our ExistenceThe Molecular Basis of Inheritance NCERT: Human Genome ProjectDNA FingerprintingMSVgo Product HighlightsFrequently asked Questions
Chapter8


Human Health And Disease

Human health is not something we can afford to take for granted in today's world. With the advancements in technology and all of the new types of diseases popping up, as a result, it is essential to learn as much as we can about what affects our health and how we can maintain it. Human Health And Disease Ncert highlights necessary topics on Human Health and Disease and is also helpful to prepare students with the help of its vivid diagrams, diagrams of human body systems, study notes by chapter. Furthermore, with the help of Human Health And Disease Class 12 Ncert Solutions, a student can find it easy to learn the concepts and make the right choice.

What is Health?How does health differ from illness?What are the characteristics of a healthy individual?What are Diseases?Types of DiseasesCommunicable DiseasesNon-Communicable DiseasesSome Common Diseases In HumansWhat is Immunity?What are Viral Infections?What are Antibodies?What are Antibiotics?Examples of the Major DiseasesWhat are Vaccines?Conclusion
Chapter9


Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Meta description: Strategies for enhancement in food production class 12 - This chapter deals with the various processes and procedures that will enhance food production and benefit the population.

Topics Covered in the chapter.

  • Introduction
  • Strategies for enhancement in food production 
  • Animal husbandry 
  • Plant breeding
  • Single-cell protein
  • Tissue culture
  • Conclusion
IntroductionStrategies For Enhancement in Food ProductionConclusionFAQs
Chapter11


Biotechnology Principles And Processes

Class 12 Biology Chapter 11 is Biotechnology: Principles and Processes. It talks about the various concepts and learnings about the principles and processes of biotechnology. You can find the detailed explanations and solutions for the chapter in this article to help you understand the biotechnology concepts.

The NCERT solutions for class 12 biology chapter 11 help students access several questions and detailed answers that include matching the following, filling in the blanks, descriptive questions answers, and true or false. You can find all the answers in the article to help you ace your Class 12 exam.

It comprises information on the biotechnology principles, process, and their applications. You can learn this easily and quickly by opting for the MVSgo app, where the learning is made simple by following a set structure and offering various science games and assignments, which will make studying fun for you.

NCERT solutions class 12 biology chapter 11 (Biotechnology principles and processes)

Chapter 11 of class 12 Biotechnology principles and processes deal with utilising enzymes and living organisms, which help create new products and methods that are also useful to mankind.

This chapter concentrates on the two vital canons of biotechnology – bioprocess and genetic engineering. It further comprises diverse topics such as restriction enzymes, ligases, polymerase enzymes, host entities, and vectors. In addition, the process of recombinant DNA technology includes several steps such as isolation of DNA fragments, isolation of DNA, extraction of desired products, restriction endonucleases, and more. 

The principles of biotechnology also include the origin of replication, plasmid, cloning, antibiotic resistance gene, vectors, ligase and restriction enzymes, etc. that are the necessary steps for genetic modification and essential tools for genetic engineering methods. 

Topics of Chapter 11, Class12: Biotechnology Principles and Processes:

  • What is biotechnology?
  • Principles of biotechnology
  • Cloning vectors
  • Restriction enzymes
  • Processes of the Recombinant DNA technology
  • Recombinant DNA technology Tools
  • Competent host 
  • Amplification of the gene of interest using a method known as PCR
  • Isolation of genetic material
  • Cutting of the DNA at specific locations
  • Obtaining the foreign gene product
  • Insertion of recombinant DNA to the host organism
  • Downstream processing

The details of the different topics of Biotechnology Principles and Processes NCERT Solutions are as follows:

What is biotechnology?Principles of biotechnology Tools of recombinant DNA technologyProcedures of recombinant DNA technologyNCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 11FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 biotechnology Chapter 11Conclusion
Chapter13


Organism And Population

An ecosystem is the group of food supply, predation, and competition. The chapter Organisms And Populations NCERT highlights the fitness of individuals, measured by their survival, growth rate, and reproductive success. Therefore, the population of a species in a given ecosystem or habitat depends on several factors such as climate, food supply, and predators. A species' population can increase or decrease depending on the aforementioned factors. The population that increases is known as the "expanding population," while the one that decreases is called "contracting population." Organisms And Populations Class 12 NCERT explains how food and energy availability affects the populations of organisms in an ecosystem. The population grows when food and energy are abundant in the environment. On the other hand, it decreases when these resources are scarce within the ecosystem.

Organisms And Populations Class 12 NCERT highlights that habitat includes all biotic and abiotic elements having a specific role in supporting the species present there. It determines where a particular organism lives or spends most of its time during its life cycle. Organisms And Populations NCERT states that population growth can be measured using birth rate, survival rate, age structure, density, and population stability. Population ecology stands for the population dynamics (the changes in the size of the population) of an individual species, population, or community. The study of population dynamics is known as Demography, while ecology is known for its Population Biology. Organisms And Populations Class 12 NCERT is about the Population Dynamics of a natural population for one year.

What are organisms, and how many types of organisms are there?Organisms and Environment:Biotic and Abiotic FactorsPopulation DynamicsPopulation EcologySubgroups of PopulationEnvironment and PopulationConclusion
Chapter14


Ecosystem

Class 12 biology chapter 14 discusses the ecosystem. This chapter explains various concepts and learnings about the ecosystem. You can find detailed explanations and solutions for the chapter in this article. It will help you understand the various aspects and concepts of the chapter and prepare for class. 

The NCERT Solutions for class 12 biology chapter 14 gives students access to many questions and detailed solutions, including match the following, fill in the blanks, short question answers, and true or false. You can find all the answers in the article that will help you ace your class 12 exam.

The NCERT Solutions will help you learn about the living creatures and their interaction among themselves and with their surroundings in a functional unit. It has details about the structure of the ecosystem, input of productivity, transfer of energy, and output. You will learn about the relationship cycles, chains, webs, and their energy flow within the ecosystem and their interrelationship.

NCERT Solutions class 12 biology chapter 14 (Ecosystem)

The chapter on ecosystem explains the interaction of living and nonliving components with themselves and each other in a physical environment. An ecosystem can be a small pond, a large forest, or even a sea. It is a visualised functional unit of nature. The entire biosphere is regarded as a global ecosystem that is a composite of all local ecosystems on Earth. 

The ecosystem is divided into two categories—terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystem. The terrestrial ecosystem consists of forests, deserts, grasslands, etc. and the aquatic ecosystem consists of ponds, lakes, wetlands, rivers, and many more. 

Let us take a look at the most important topics of chapter 14:

  • Ecosystem–Structure & its Structure
  • Types of Ecosystems 
  • Productivity 
  • Decomposition 
  • Energy Flow 
  • Ecological Pyramids 
  • Ecological Succession 
  • Nutrient Cycling 
  • Ecosystem Services


The details of topics of NCERT Solutions class 12 biology chapter 14 are as follows:

Ecosystem structure & its structure: The ecosystem is a community where living and nonliving components interact with each other. It is greater in size and is a functional unit of nature. The ecosystem comprises two different components—biotic and abiotic. Their description and functions are explained below.

  • Biotic components: Biotic components are those which are involved in shaping the ecosystem such as plants, animals, human beings, decomposers, yeast, insects, etc. They are called living things within the ecosystem. 
  • Abiotic components: Abiotic components are those which are not involved in shaping the ecosystem such as water, air, soil, sunlight and minerals. They are the nonliving physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem that are obtained from the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere.

 

Types of ecosystems: An ecosystem can be as small as an oasis in a desert, or as big as an ocean. There are mainly two types of ecosystem:

  • Terrestrial ecosystem: A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based community of organisms and the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in a given area. The four types of terrestrial ecosystems are forest ecosystem, tundra ecosystem, grassland ecosystem and desert ecosystem.
  • Aquatic ecosystem: Organisms present in a water body are part of the aquatic ecosystem. The two types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystem and freshwater ecosystem.

 

Components of the ecosystem consider the followings aspects:

  1. Productivity
  2. Decomposition
  3. Energy flow
  4. Nutrient cycling

 

Productivity: The rate of biomass production is called productivity. It is measured by the amount of biomass or organic matter produced per unit area over time by the plants during the process of photosynthesis. It is expressed in terms of g –2 yr –1 or (kcal m–2) or –1 to compare the productivity of different ecosystems. 

Productivity is divided into two parts—gross primary productivity and net primary productivity. Gross primary productivity is the rate of production of organic matter during the process of photosynthesis. Net primary productivity is defined as gross primary productivity minus respiration losses or GPP – R = NPP.

 

Decomposition: The process of breaking down complex organic matter into inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients by the decomposers is called decomposition. The raw material for decomposition consists of dead remains of animals, dead plants such as leaves, flowers, bark, etc. which constitute detritus for decomposition. This process requires large amounts of oxygen and consists of steps such as fragmentation, leaching, catabolism, humification, and mineralization.

 

Energy flow: Energy is the primary source for almost all the organisms on Earth. It is the main factor that supports the survival of organisms. Energy flow takes place with the help of the food web and food chain. Energy flows from the Sun to autotrophs or producers and then flows from the producers to the consumers. In the ecosystem, the energy never flows backwards, that is, from the consumers to producers. 

Herbivores feed on the autotrophs and change the energy from the plant into energy that they can use. Carnivores subsequently feed on the herbivores and, finally, other carnivores prey on the carnivores.

 

Ecological Pyramids: The graphical representation of the relationship between different organisms is called an ecological pyramid. It represents a different trophic level by each bar. There are three types of ecological pyramids.

  • Pyramid of biomass: At each trophic level, the pyramid of biomass represents the graphical portrayal of biomass present in a unit of the territory of different trophic levels. 
  • Pyramid of productivity: The pyramid of productivity shows the production or turnover of biomass at each trophic level. It also shows the flow of energy through the food chain. 
  • Pyramid of numbers: In each trophic level, it represents the number of organisms, irrespective of their size. The bars are drawn to scale—the more organisms it represents, the wider the bar.

 

Ecological Succession: Ecological succession is a fundamental concept in ecology. It is a process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area change over time. There are two types of ecological succession. 

  • Primary succession: It is the ecological succession that begins in essentially lifeless areas, in regions where there is no soil, or soil is incapable of sustaining life. 
  • Secondary succession: It is the ecological succession in which plants and animals recolonize a habitat after a major disturbance such as devastating flood, wildlife, landslide, lava flow, etc.

 

Nutrient Cycling: It is the process of absorbing, transferring, releasing and reabsorbing nutrients. It is the natural recycling system of mineral nutrients. Nutrients consumed by plants and animals are returned to the environment after death and decomposition, and the cycle continues. Soil microbes play an important role in nutrient cycling. Nutrient cycling rates depend on various factors such as biotic, chemical, and physical. 

 

Ecosystem Services: The products of ecosystem processes are called ecosystem services. For example, healthy forest ecosystems purify air and water, prevent droughts and floods, cycle nutrients, create fertile soils, provide wildlife habitat, maintain biodiversity, pollinate crops, provide storage sites for carbon and aesthetic, cultural and spiritual values. Healthy ecosystems are the base for a wide range of economic, environmental, and aesthetic goods and services.

NCERT Solutions for class 12 biology chapter 14Frequently asked questions on NCERT Solutions for class 12 biology chapter 14
Chapter15


Biodiversity And Conservation

Biodiversity and conservation class 12 NCERT is an essential part of biology that details biodiversity, its components, and how we can conserve it. The students preparing for their exams can refer to the biodiversity and conservation class 12 NCERT solutions. These will help them understand all the concepts while ensuring that they can review the chapter quickly before the exam.

Topics covered in this Chapter 15 – Biodiversity and Conversation (Content Table)

  • Introduction
  • Patterns in Biodiversity
  • Loss of Biodiversity
  • Biodiversity Conversation
Introduction Patterns of BiodiversityLoss of Biodiversity Biodiversity conversationFAQs
Chapter16


Environmental Issues

Due to the increase in the human population over the years, there has been a rise in the demand for food, water, home electricity, roads, and other commodities which are essential for human existence. These demands lead to overexploitation of natural resources and also cause air, soil, and water pollution. The human population is solely responsible for this and has a moral obligation to look for possible solutions. Environmental issues are one of the very important concepts in class 12. 

The students preparing for class 12 exams can access the course material related to Maths, Chemistry, Physics, and Biology on the Msgvo app. It is a learning app that makes studying complex subjects easy and enables students to study on the go. The course material is designed in such a way that students can understand the science behind each concept. They can study anytime and anywhere, based on their convenience. The Msgvo app provides an interactive learning experience and builds the problem-solving skills of the students. The app has detailed lesson plans which help students to understand the concepts easily and improve their performance. 

The following topics and subtopics are covered on Environmental Issues which would enable the students to clarify their doubts:

  1. Air pollution and its control
    Air Pollution means the presence of harmful chemicals and poisonous compounds in the air, which can cause serious health ailments in adults and children. It also has an adverse effect on crops and plants. It is commonly caused by the following:
    1. Smokestacks of thermal plants, shelters release tiny particles of dust and soot. They also release several types of gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen. The pollutants must be filtered out or separated before releasing into the atmosphere. Electrostatic Precipitator is one such equipment that uses electrical energy to remove solid and liquid impurities from air released by the smokestack. 
    2. Another major cause of air pollution is Automobiles.  
  2. Water pollution and its control
    Water pollution is the presence of harmful containments in water bodies that make them unfit for consumption. Over the years, the human population has dumped household and industrial waste into water bodies. The Government of India has passed the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 to protect water resources. Water pollution is caused by:
    1. Domestic waste contains biodegradable organic matter which is decomposed by bacteria and other micro-organisms present in the water bodies. The level of biodegradable organic matter in sewage water can be calculated through Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). Sewage waste contains several pathogenic micro-organisms that can cause serious diseases like typhoid and dysentery. 
    2. Some of the toxic substances which are present in the industrial waste might lead to the Biomagnification of the aquatic food chain. 
    3. The waste dumped in to the water bodies might increase the natural aging process of the water bodies. This is known as Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication.
  3. Solid Wastes
    Solid waste generally contains food waste, paper wastes, textile, and rubber wastes from households and industries. These types of waste are generally partially burnt and the remaining is dumped in open areas which often become breeding grounds for rats and flies. Sanitary landfills are a better alternative to open area dumps. 
    1. The solid waste produced by hospitals is quite dangerous as it contains harmful chemicals, disinfectants, and other pathogens.
    2. Electronic waste or e-waste should be recycled in an environment-friendly manner. 
  4. Agro-Chemicals and their Effects
    Green Revolution has resulted in excessive use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides to increase crop yield. But the increased usage could lead to Eutrophication of the aquatic system. We need to adopt Integrated Organic farming where waste from one product is utilized as nutrition for another. 
  5. Radioactive Wastes
    Although nuclear energy was considered an environment-friendly way of generating electricity, it has its share of cons. The first major problem is that of accidental leakage and the second is the disposal of radioactive waste. Such type of waste yields radiation which can cause serious damage to organisms. 
  6. Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
    The greenhouse effect is a condition when the heat from the Sun gets trapped in the Earth's atmosphere and heats the surface. Greenhouse gases absorb long-form radiation from the Earth and emit it back towards Earth. A rise in Greenhouse gases has resulted in Global Warming and to control this, humans need to stop deforestation, reduce the use of fossil fuels and look for renewable sources of energy.
  7. Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
    The layer of Earth’s atmosphere that is located between the troposphere and mesosphere is called the Stratosphere. It filters out the Sun’s Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation. The thickness of the Ozone is measured in terms of Dobson Units (DU). The ozone layer is constantly formed by the UV rays and also depleted into molecular oxygen in the stratosphere. But the balance has been disturbed due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which has resulted in thinning of the Ozone layer over the Antarctic region known as the Ozone Hole.
  8. Degradation by Improper Resource Utilisation and Maintenance
    The natural resources become degraded due to improper Utilisation and maintenance:
    1. Soil erosion is a phenomenon when the topsoil of land is eroded by water and wind. This happens due to activities like over-cultivation, unrestricted grazing, and poor irrigation. 
    2. When large barren lands are left unsupervised for a long time, it leads to the creation of a desert. This phenomenon is known as desertification. 
    3. Irrigation without proper drainage of water results in Waterlogging which in turn brings salt to the surface of the soil. Waterlogging and soil salinity affect the quality and crop yield. 
  9. Deforestation and Reforestation
    Deforestation is the decline in forest areas around the world due to factors such as urbanization and the clearing of forests for agricultural use. In northeastern states of India, slash and burn agriculture, also known as Jhum cultivation has resulted in massive deforestation. Reforestation means planting trees in areas where excessive deforestation has taken place. Chipko movement was one such initiative. The Government of India has launched programs like Joint Forest Management (JFM) to reinforce reforestation.
    Thus, these are the important environmental issues relating to environmental pollution and the degradation of natural resources. To understand the topic better, watch the learning videos available on the Msgvo app which has over 15,000 videos relating to Maths, Chemistry, Physics, and Biology. The Msgvo app is an NCERT solutions app that makes a student exam-ready through its CBSE and ICSE based course material.
Frequently asked QuestionsHow the chapter wise solution helps in scoring better in examsCan the students access the chapters for free
Chapter6


General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Topic Names

  1. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
  2. Occurrence of Metals
  3. Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore
  4. Concentration of Ores
  5. Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy
  6. Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy
  7. Oxidation Reduction
  8. Refining
  9. Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron
NCERT in text QuestionsNCERT Exercises
Chapter15


Polymers

Polymers are everywhere; if you take a look around, you can find dozens of materials made out of just polymers. The term “polymer” is often used synonymously with plastic or resin, but polymers are more diverse than that. 

Polymers are also present in rubber, polyester, glass, wood, nylon, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and more. Polymer-containing objects that you have most likely come in contact with are your everyday plastic bottles, the rubber tyres on vehicles, the rubber component of your earphones, clothing, toys, building materials, and gadgets. 

S.No

Table of contents

1

What is a polymer?

2

Importance of a polymer

3

Desirable properties of polymers 

4

Classification of polymers

4.1

Source-based classification

4.2

Structure-based classification

4.3

Polymerisation mode-based classification

4.4

Molecular forces-based classification

5

Copolymerisation

6

Vulcanisation of rubber

7

Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers

 

What is a polymer?Importance of polymers Desirable properties of polymersClassification of polymersCopolymerisation Vulcanisation of rubberBiodegradable and non-biodegradable polymersConclusion
Chapter16


Chemistry in Everyday Life

Topics covered in this chapter: Chemistry in Everyday Life NCERT. 

  1. Introduction
  2. Drugs and their classifications
  3. Drug-target Interaction
  4. Therapeutic Effects of different types of drugs
  5. Chemical in food
  6. Cleansing Agents
  7. Frequently Asked Questions
  8. Conclusion
IntroductionDrugs and their ClassificationsDrug Target InteractionTherapeutic Effects of DifferentTypes of DrugsChemicals in FoodCleansing AgentsSynthetic AgentsFrequently Asked QuestionsConclusion
Chapter15


Communication Systems

 

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