Chapter 12

Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

The Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques is an essential topic in class 11. The topics include the Tetravalence Of Carbon: Shapes Of Organic Compounds, Structural Representations Of Organic Compounds, Classification, Nomenclature, Isomerism, Fundamental Concepts In Organic Reaction Mechanism, Methods Of Purification Of Organic Compounds, Qualitative Analysis Of Organic Compounds, and Quantitative Analysis in Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques Class 11. 

Organic chemistry is very vast and important from an exam point of view which requires thorough preparation and practice. In this article, you will find Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques Class 11 NCERT Solutions to help you understand every type of question in your NCERT textbook. 

Class 11 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques helps build a base for further inspection into the topic in further classes. And the Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques NCERT Solutions helps to thoroughly understand the chapter’s concepts to delve deeper into the topic. Class 11 chemistry also delves into other important topics such as atoms, chemical bonding, and many more conceptual topics to help CBSE students work out their concepts. 

Let us look at the NCERT solutions to important questions in Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques Ncert Solutions. 

Topics covered in this Chapter: (Content table)

S.no. Topics
1. Introduction
2. Tetravalence Of Carbon: Shapes Of Organic Compounds
3. Structural Representations Of Organic Compounds
4. Classification Of Organic Compounds
5. Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds
6. Isomerism
7. Fundamental Concepts In Organic Reaction Mechanism
8. Methods Of Purification Of Organic Compounds
9. Qualitative Analysis Of Organic Compounds
10. Quantitative Analysis
11. FAQs

 

Introduction

Organic Chemistry deals with the study of organic chemistry in Class 11 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques. This branch of chemistry works with the chemical composition and structure of organic chemistry, the chemical and physical properties, and the chemical reactions of organic compounds. Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that focuses on the resultant components of the elements such as halogens, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, etc. Here we are discussing the Tetravalence property Of Carbon: Organic Compounds’ shapes, Structural Representations Of Organic Compounds, Classification Of Organic Compounds, Nomenclature, Isomerism, Fundamental Concepts In Organic Reaction Mechanism, Methods Of Purification Of Organic Compounds, Qualitative Analysis Of Organic Compounds, and Quantitative Analysis and some frequently asked questions from students. 

In this section, we will discuss Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques with NCERT solutions.

The tetravalence of the element Carbon refers to the property of carbon sharing mutually of four electrons with other atoms that form four covalent bonds. This property to form four covalent bonds with four other atoms is called the tetravalency of the atom, carbon, where the root tetra stands for four.

There are three primary methods for the structural representation of organic compounds in organic chemistry.

  • Complete Structural Formula

This method is also known as the Lewis Dot Structure. In this method, the covalent bonds are shown by putting a dash in between (―). This helps in establishing the number of bonds formed by the electrons. A single bond is denoted by a single dash, a double bond by a double dash, and a triple bond by a triple dash. This method shows every single bond between each atom and is known as the complete structural formula.

  • Condensed Structural Formula

Other than the complete structural representation, a condensed structural formula does not take as much space and time as the prior one. In this method, the bonds of the atoms are denoted by putting subscripts of the atom to show the number of bonds.

  • Bond Line Structural Formula

Next is the bond line structural formula that represents the bonds with a line in a zigzag predicament. Each terminal is assumed to be a methyl group (-CH3) unless specified otherwise.

There are a large number of organic compounds, and they are classified into the following broad categories: 

  1. Open chain compounds or acyclic - The branched or the straight-chain compounds such as CH3CH3 (Ethane).
  2. Cyclic or ring or Closed Chain Compounds - In the compounds where the atoms are joined in the form of a ring such as cyclohexane. 
  3. Carbocyclic or Homocyclic compounds - Compounds that only have carbon atoms such as Non-Benzenoid Compounds, Benzenoid Compounds, Aromatic compounds, and Alicyclic compounds. 
  4. Heterocyclic compounds - Compounds with atoms other than carbon atoms are known as heterocyclic compounds.

Nomenclature refers to the names of the compound structures per the guidelines of the international union of pure and applied chemistry. 

The parent hydrocarbon is the word root for the name. 

The parent name is used with suffixes and prefixes for different compounds. 

The number of carbon atoms is denoted by a word root such as:

  • C1 - Meth.
  • C2 - Eth.
  • C3 - Prop.
  • C4 - But.

The suffix is used per the following:

  • The primary suffix - a single carbon bond is called an ane, a double carbon bond is called an ene, and so on. 
  • The secondary suffix - the substituents are presented with other suffice such as:
    • -F - Fluoro.
    • -Cl - Chloro.
    • -NO - Nitroso.

When two molecules have the same molecular formula and different structural formulas with different chemical and physical characteristics, it is known as Isomerism. There are two types of isomerism: 

  1. Structural isomerism.
  2. Stereoisomerism, which is further divided into Optical and Geometrical isomerism.

  • Fission of a covalent bond 

There are two ways in which a covalent bond can undergo fission: Homolytic fission and Heterolytic fission.

  • Organic Reaction Mechanism: Inductive Effect

The displacement effect in the substrate molecules is a permanent effect when an electron-donating or withdrawing group is attached to a singly bonded carbon atom chain. When the sigma-electrons are displaced due to the existence of the electron repelling or withdrawing group at one end that results in partial negative or positive charges in the decreasing order of magnitude is known as an inductive effect. 

 

There are two methods of purification, namely, Sublimation and Crystallisation. 

Sublimation refers to the process of turning some solids to vapour without turning it into a liquid state.

 

Crystallisation refers to the process of separating the impurities from a compound where the compound is sparingly soluble, and crystals of the compound are removed by filtration after heating.

Halogen elements, nitrogen, sulphur, hydrogen, and carbon are the most common organic compounds, and these elements can be detected by qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is the process of measuring the changes in precipitation, boiling point, bubble production, reactivity, radioactivity, odour, colour, and melting point. On the flip side, the quantitative analysis method determines the number of molecules or elements produced during a chemical reaction. Therefore, we can say that the quantitative method analyzes the quantity of the elements in a compound and the qualitative method analyzes the species in a compound.

It is a process that determines the number of molecules or elements produced during a chemical reaction by qualitative analysis. There are various methods of determining the qualitative analysis of organic compounds, such as: 

  • Estimation of Oxygen by Aluise’s method.
  • Estimation of Nitrogen by Kjeldahl Method.
  • Estimation of Nitrogen by Dumas Method.
  • Estimation of Phosphorus.
  • Estimation of Sulphur.
  • Carius Method.
  • Liebig’s Combustion Method.
  • Test for Phosphorus.
  • Detection of C and H.

Here are the Some Basic Principles And Techniques Class 11 NCERT Solutions

 

1. What are the organic chemistry chapters in class 11?

The Class 11 Organic Chemistry Some Basic Principles And Techniques has chapter 12 on organic chemistry, which provides a base for class 12 chemistry. The chapter provides the basics and 8 other sections in class 11 organic chemistry that are Tetravalence Of Carbon: Shapes Of Organic Compounds, Structural Representations Of Organic Compounds, Classification Of Organic Compounds, Nomenclature Of Organic Compounds, Isomerism, Fundamental Concepts In Organic Reaction Mechanism, Methods Of Purification, Qualitative Analysis Of Organic Compounds, and Quantitative Analysis. 

2. What is Isomerism?

When two molecules have the same molecular formula and different structural formulas with different chemical and physical characteristics, it is known as Isomerism.

3. What are the key benefits of learning organic chemistry?

The learnings of organic chemistry are applied in a variety of different subjects, such as OC is concerned with 

  • Medicine.
  • Identification of compounds.
  • Chemical synthesis.
  • Chemical analysis.
  • Sterilization.
  • Valuable jewelry.
  • Sanitation.
  • Textile.
  • Food.

 

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