Anything that has mass and occupies space is called matter. Thus matter is composed of small particles. Such particles are blind to the naked eye. The features of the matter are as follows:

• Particles have space between them.
• Particles are constantly moving.
• Particles attract each other.

The condition of matter is one of the distinct types that numerous phases of matter take. In everyday existence, matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Many other states, such as plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate, and neutron degenerate matter are believed to exist only in severe environments, such as ultracold or ultradense matter. Other states, such as quark-gluon plasmas, are assumed to be probable but are only speculative.

The system’s states are either solid, liquid, or gaseous.

In a solid-state, particles (ions, electrons, or molecules) are closely bundled together. The particles’ powers are so powerful that they cannot travel easily and can only vibrate. As a consequence, the solid has a stable, definite form as well as a particular volume. Solids may only alter form when applying stress to them, for example, when they are broken.

Solids have a close atomic bond and a strong viscosity, which results in a solid structure. Most solids are crystalline in the sense that they have a three-dimensional periodic atomic structure; nevertheless, certain solids (such as glass) do not have this periodic configuration and are either non-crystalline or amorphous.

Virtually incompressible, liquid conforms to the structure of its jar while retaining a nearly constant volume regardless of strain. As temperature and pressure are constant, the volume is described. As a substance is heated below its freezing point, it becomes liquid as the friction exceeds the material’s triple limit.

In a gaseous state, the molecules have enough kinetic energy that the effect of intermolecular forces is negligible (or zero in the perfect gas). The usual gap between neighbouring molecules is far larger than the molecular dimension. The gas has no unique shape or weight, but it completely fills the bottle in which it is stored.

The above three states of matter can be converted from one form to another by adjusting temperature and pressure conditions. The composition of matter also determines the essence of the matter. If the matter consists of more than one type of particles, it is considered a combination, while if it consists of a single type of particles, it is known as a pure material. Mixtures are often known as homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Pure substances are also subdivided into elements and compounds.

The essence of the matter appears to be a large topic of study, and recent advances have exposed other states of the matter. Boson-Einstein condensate and plasma are the two other states of matter that have recently been identified.

The composition can be described as the structure, ratio and form of atoms in molecules of chemical substances. The chemical composition can differ whether the chemical is subtracted or applied to the material. This is where the ratio of the drug varies or when chemical changes occur in the chemical.

The chemical composition of the material determines the properties of the substance. We can infer that the way the atoms are placed together, the mass, colour, intensity and other properties are calculated.

In this chapter, we learned about matter and its composition. We learned about the different states of matter. This knowledge would help us understand the nature of matter and how one form could be changed to another.

1. What do you understand by particles of matter?
   Matter consists of the most basic elementary particles, such as quarks and leptons (the class of elementary particles which includes electrons). Quarks combine into protons and neutrons, forming atoms of periodic table elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and iron, along with electrons.
2. How do the particles of matter have space?
   The particles of matter have space between them. The physical characteristics of matter mean that matter has space between its constituent particles. So, it goes through the tiny spaces between the molecules of water that are there.
3. Matter occurs in how many states?
   There are three natural states of matter: solids, liquids and gases. There are more states, such as plasma. The fifth condition is the Bose-Einstein condensate, which is man-made.
4. What is the classification of the matter?
   Matter is classified into two categories: pure substances and mixtures.
5. Can matter be created?
   The first rule of thermodynamics does not specify that matter cannot be produced or destroyed but rather that the overall amount of energy in a closed system cannot be generated or destroyed. At the same time, it can be changed from one type to another.