The neurological and endocrine systems, which create and secrete hormones, are responsible for the control and coordination of activities in human beings. The sensory receptors, neurological system, and hormones all play a role in controlling and coordinating movements in human beings and animals. For example, phytohormones control and coordinate the activities of plants.

Nervous system 

The nervous system is the body's primary governing, regulating, and communication system. It is the hub of all brain processing, such as thinking, learning, and recalling. In addition, the nervous system uses sensory receptors (ear, eyes, skin, nose, and tongue) to keep us in contact with the changes occurring in our surroundings.

The nervous system consists of two parts - Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

The CNS comprises the brain and spinal cord. Our brain sends and receives messages to and from the rest of our body via billions of interconnected neurons.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 

The peripheral nervous system comprises several nerves that diverge from the central nervous system. They are spread all over your body.

PNS is further divided into somatic nervous systems and autonomic nervous systems. 

The somatic nervous system (SNS) is in charge of directing your voluntary motions.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is in charge of the activities you perform without any conscious effort.

The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the fight-or-flight response. It prepares our body emotionally when we encounter danger. The parasympathetic nervous system calms and relaxes our body when the danger subsides.

Neurons (also known as nerve cells) are the basic components of the brain and nervous system. Nerve cells receive sensory information from the outside world and transmit those messages with other neurons via electrical impulses until it reaches the brain or muscles.

The elongated structure of a neuron mainly comprises three parts - dendrites, axon, and a cell body. Dendrites receive the information first from other neighbouring neurons, and then the information travels from the cell body, along the axon, all the way to the synapse. Dendrites are the extended branches that arise from the neuron's cell body. The cell body contains the nucleus and DNA. The axon is the longest fibre and the output structure, allowing the electrical impulse to pass through it easily.

Human brain 

The human brain serves as the nerve system's command centre. It receives information from the sensory organs and directs it to the muscles for necessary action. It regulates all biological functions, processes input from the environment, relays that input to the concerned muscle, etc.

Forebrain 

The forebrain is the part of the brain that receives and processes sensory information, thinks, perceives, produces, and understands language, and controls motor activity. The forebrain is divided into two regions -- diencephalon and telencephalon. The thalamus and hypothalamus present in the diencephalon region of the forebrain are primarily involved in motor coordination, sensory information transmission, and autonomic activity direction. The cerebral cortex, which is the biggest part of the brain, housed in the telencephalon, is where most information processing occurs.

Midbrain

The midbrain, also known as the mesencephalon, is a part of the brainstem that joins the hindbrain and forebrain. The brainstem consists of the midbrain and hindbrain together. Auditory and visual responses, as well as motor functions, are all performed by this brain region.

Hindbrain

The metencephalon and myelencephalon make up the hindbrain, extending from the spinal cord. The pons and cerebellum are among the structures found in the metencephalon. These areas aid in maintaining balance and equilibrium and movement coordination, and sensory transmission of information. The medulla oblongata, which controls autonomic activities, including breathing, heart rate, and digestion, is located in the myelencephalon.

Reflex action 

A reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus that occurs suddenly. The reaction to the stimulus is involuntary and rapid. It aids organisms in promptly adapting to a threatening situation that may result in bodily injury or death. A typical example of a reflex action is withdrawing our hands when it comes into contact with a hot or cold object.

Reflex arc 

The neural path along which a reflex travels is called the reflex arc. It is because most sensory neurons are connected to the spinal cord. This property permits reflex actions to happen quickly by firing spinal nerve fibres without waiting for signals to be routed through the brain. Yet, the brain will still get sensory information throughout the reflex movement.

Endocrine system 

The endocrine system consists of hormone-producing glands. Hormones are chemical messengers that transport messages and instructions from one part of the body to another. The endocrine glands that make up the endocrine system are briefly explained below.

Hypothalamus - The hypothalamus, located in the brain region, connects your endocrine and nervous systems. Its primary function is to instruct your pituitary gland to begin or stop producing hormones.

Pituitary gland - The pituitary gland, located in the brain region, directs other glands to secrete major hormones like prolactin, vasopressin, corticosteroid, oxytocin, etc. It is called the master gland for this reason.

Pineal gland - The pineal gland, located in the brain region, produces melatonin, a hormone that aids in preparing your body for sleep.

Thyroid gland - The thyroid gland, located in the neck region, is responsible for releasing thyroid hormone responsible for your growth and metabolism. The thyroid gland also secretes calcitonin, allowing calcium to absorb bone and provide bone strength.

Parathyroid -  Parathyroid, located in the neck region, is a group of four tiny glands behind your thyroid. They are important for bone health. The glands regulate calcium and phosphorus levels.

Thymus - The thymus, located between the lungs, produces T-lymphocytes (white blood cells) that fight illness and are important as a child's immune system grows. However, following puberty, the thymus begins to decrease.

Adrenals - The adrenals, located on top of the kidneys, are well-recognised for producing the "fight or flight" hormone called adrenaline, but they also produce chemicals called corticosteroids. They impact your metabolism, blood circulation, sex drive, etc.

Pancreas - Pancreas, located behind the stomach, serves both the digestive and endocrine systems. It produces digestive enzymes, which aid in the digestion of food. In addition, insulin and glucagon are two hormones produced by the pancreas. These ensure that the proper quantity of sugar is present in your bloodstream.

Ovaries - Ovaries, located in the pelvic region, produce estrogen and progesterone in females. These hormones aid in the development of breasts throughout puberty, regulating menstruation, and supporting a pregnancy.

Testes - Testes, located in the pelvic region, produce testosterone in males. It aids in the growth of face and body hair throughout puberty. It also instructs the penis to grow bigger and aids in the production of sperm.

Plants also exhibit control and coordination but in a different way. Although plants are stationary and non-locomotive, they still require control and coordination to perform cellular activities. The presence of hormones known as plant hormones impacts some of the important factors that determine the growth of a plant. Plant growth regulators or phytohormones are other names for these hormones. Plants use phytohormones to control and coordinate various cellular activities. This movement is always done in a well-organised and regulated manner.

Control and coordination of movement are necessary to perform tasks efficiently. Class 10th Science ''Control and Coordination" chapter covers the fundamental topics related to control and coordination. Some important topics covered in this chapter are the nervous system, endocrine system, human brain, neurons, and reflex action. The nervous system and the endocrine system are responsible for controlling and coordinating movement in animals and human beings. In plants, phytohormones (plant growth regulators) are responsible for controlling and coordinating cellular activities. Find more similar content related to Class 10 Science on MSVgo app. Download the app now to take full advantage of this platform.